Chapter 50 (Checked at 9:00 AM 12/11/10. The first part of chapter 50 still missing.)
Chapter 50.1 vocab:
Ecology- the study of relationships between living organisms and their environments Abiotic- nonliving Biotic- living Biota- all the organisms that are part of an ecosystem Organismal ecology- the branch of ecology having to do with the different ways organisms deal with problems or challenges posed by their environments Population- a group of individuals in a certain area that belong to the same species Community- all organisms in a particular area Ecosystem- a community and its physical environment Biosphere- the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems Biogeography- the study of species and their positioning
Chapter 50.2 vocab:
Dispersal- distribution of individuals within geographic population boundaries Climate- the prevailing weather conditions at a locality Macroclimate- large scale variations in clime; climate of an entire region Microclimate- fine scale variation of climate Turnover- The mixing of water as a result of changing water –temperature profile in a lake
General information about 50.1 and 50.2:
Darwinà Environmental factors interacting with variation within populations could cause evolutionary changes
Subfields of Ecology: Organismal ecology deals with how an organism survives in its environment by examining its behavior, physiology, and structure. àAn example is how a giraffe uses its long neck to get the leaves off tall trees.
Population ecology is concerned with factors that determine the amount of a certain species living in a region. àAn example is the amount of food in an area.
Community ecology is the study of all species and their interactions in a community. àAn example is how a tall tree keeps the small plants in an area from getting sunlight.
Ecosystem ecology deals with energy flow and chemical cycling within an ecosystem, including abiotic and biotic organisms. àAn example is when an animal dies, decomposes, and provides nutrients for plants in the area.
Landscape ecology is the study of how ecosystems are positioned in a region. àAn example is the positioning of a lake in a ecosystem and how its positioning affects the lakes nutrients and oxygen levels.
Species transplants
Transplant- When a species is moved or migrates to an area where it was previously absent For a transplant to be considered successful, a species has to survive AND REPRODUCE in the new environment.
The problem with transplanted species is they can prove to be a detriment to the community rather than a benefit. One local example is kudzu, a vine that is a native to Japan, which spreads quickly making it hard to control. Another example is the great-tailed grackle whose breeding quickly spread over the Midwest United States.
E-book section 50.2 (p 1085 in text)
Biotic factors that limit distribution of an organism: Predation: a predator hunts for another organism, the prey. Parasitism: One organism lives in or on another organism to benefit itself but harm the organism it lives on Competition: 2 organisms have the same needs and must compete to get what they need Disease
Abiotic factors that are important to living organisms: Temperature: if the temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius, cells are likely to rupture and if it rises above 45 degrees Celsius, proteins can begin denaturing Water: organisms depend on fresh or salt water; some organisms are prone to dehydration; positioning determines how they conserve water Sunlight: Important for photosynthesis Wind: Causes plants and animals to lose water quicker than normal because it increases the rate of evaporative cooling and transpiration Rocks and Soil: Certain plants require soil that has a certain pH, structure, and composition
Ch. 50.3 Biomes are characterized by climate, vegetation, and animals
Photic zone/aphotic zone- The photic zone is the top part of a body of water where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis. The aphotic zone is the lower part of a body of water where very little light gets through. The largest biomes are oceans and cover 75% of Earth’s surface.
Thermocline- A narrow layer in a body of water that has rapid temperature change
Benthic zone- is the bottom of an aquatic biomes made of sand and sediments occupied by communities of organisms called benthos.
Benthos- The communities of organisms living at the bottom of an aquatic biome in the benthic zone
Detritus- Dead or organic matter used to feed the benthos. It falls down from the productive surface waters of the photic zone.
Intertidal zone is the section that is periodically submerged and exposed by the tide. It has high oxygen and nutrient levels and usually it is made of rocks or sand. Zones that have many waves usually do not have plants but the zones around bays are rich in plants.
Ocean pelagic biome is open blue water mixed with wind-blown oceanic currents. The photic zone is greater in this area because of better water clarity. Most of the organisms in the area are phytoplankton.
Coral reefs are formed by calcium carbonate skeletons of corals developing on oceanic islands. They can only survive in a tropic photic zone with high water clarity. They have a certain temperature that they need to survive. Coral reefs also have a huge diversity of animals living on it.
Marine benthic zone includes the seafloor below the surface of the coastal zone and the pelagic zone. Very little sunlight reaches the lowest area so organisms adapt to living in cold and high water pressure.
· Oligotropic lakes are clear, deep, nutrient poor, and oxygen rich. Also, oligotropic lakes are low in decomposable organic matter.
· Eutrophic lakes are shallow and murky: nutrient- rich and have a depletion of oxygen, opposite of oligotropic lakes. Eutrophic lakes have a high amount of organic matter. Human activities like pollution from fertilized land and municipal waste leads to the progression in eutrophic lakes.
· A Wetland is an area covered in water than supports aquatic plants. They help filter pollutants and buffer against flooding. Wetlands are a host to many invertebrates which causes a great number of birds. It also attracts herbivores and carnivores to the area. The soil in the wetlands is very good at growing plants because unaerated water is not present.
· Streams and Rivers- Rivers carry more sediment than the headwaters but headwater streams are richer in oxygen. Streams are usually narrow with a rocky bottom and rivers are usually wide and silty on the bottom. Streams and rivers contain algae and other aquatic plants contributing to the nutrient content. Streams and rivers also attract many fish and invertebrates.
· An Estuary serves as a shift area between river and sea with complex flow patterns. Estuaries are some of the most productive biomes because of the nutrients from the river. They also serve as feeding and breeding areas for fish and invertebrates.
· The Abyssal zone sees very little sunlight and stays about 3 degrees C all year. The organisms adapt to continuous cold and high water pressure. The deep-sea hydrothermal vents are dark, oxygen deficient environments of volcano origin. The food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes which obtain energy by oxidizing H2S.
There is a figure describing all the biomes in Chapter 50 Section 3. b
Chapter 50.4: Climate: the prevailing weather conditions at a locality. Climograph: a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region. (GET GRAPH)
“A climograph for some major types of biomes in North America. The areas plotted here encompass the range of annual mean temperature and precipitation in the biomes.”
- “Although the climograph provides circumstantial evidence that temperature and rainfall are important to the distribution of biomes, it does not confirm that these variables govern the biomes′ location. Only a detailed analysis of the water and temperature tolerances of individual species could establish the controlling effects of these variables.”
Canopy: The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome. Ecotone: the transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.
“The distribution of major terrestrial biomes. Although terrestrial biomes are mapped here with sharp boundaries, biomes actually grade into one another, sometimes over relatively large areas.”
Tropical Forests: Location: Middle of the countries that are cut by the equator, (Amazon Basin, Africa). Precipitation: Constant rainfall, 200-400 cm annually. Temperature ranges: Warm year- round, 25-29*C Examples of typical plants: Broadleaf evergreen trees, bromeliads and orchids. Examples of typical animals: amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and arthropods.
Savanna: Location: Parts of South America, Africa, and Australia. Precipitation: Seasonal rainfall, 30-50 cm per year. Dry season can last up to eight or nine months. Temperature ranges: warm year-round, 24-29*C. Examples of typical plants: thorny trees, grasses, and forbs, and fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought plants. Examples of typical animals: Wildebeests, zebras, lions, and hyenas.
Desert: Location:30*C north and south latitude, in the interior of continents. Precipitation: low, less than 30cm a year. Temperature ranges: Hot, may exceed 50*C, in cold deserts may fall below -30*C. Examples of typical plants: Succulents such as cacti, deeply rooted shrubs, and herbs. Examples of typical animals: snakes, lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, migratory and resident birds, and seed-eating rodents.
Chaparral: Location: Midlatitude coastal regions, (California). Precipitation: Rainy winters, dry summers, 30-50 cm. Temperature ranges: Fall, winter, spring are cool 10-12*C. Summer 30*C with a maximum of 40*C. Examples of typical plants: shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs. Examples of typical animals: deer, goats, birds, amphibians, reptiles and insects.
Temperate Grassland: Location: Veldts of South Africa, puszta of Hungary, pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, steppes of Russia, and plains and prairies of central North America. Precipitation: Dry winters, wet summers. 30-100cm. Temperature ranges: Winters cold, -10*C, summers hot, 30*C. Examples of typical plants: Grasses and forbs Examples of typical animals: bison, wild horses, and prairie dogs.
TemperateBroadleaf Forest(also called the temperate deciduous forest): Location: Midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, smaller areas in New Zealand and Austria. Precipitation: 7-=200 cm annually. Winter- snow, summer- rain. Temperature ranges: winter-0*C, Summers- 30*C hot and humid. (All Seasons) Examples of typical plants: understory trees, shrubs, herbaceous stratum, and evergreen eucalyptus Examples of typical animals: mammals, birds and insects.
Coniferous Forest: (Taiga) Location: Broadband across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of arctic tundra. Precipitation: Annual Rain, 30-70cm with some droughts. Some United States Pacific Northwest may receive over 300cm. Temperature ranges: Cold and long winters= -70*C, summers hot= 30*C Examples of typical plants: Pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock. Examples of typical animals: moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers.
Tundra: Location: expansive areas of the Arctic, (Greenland, Canada). Precipitation: 20-60cm, snow. Temperature ranges: Winters are long and cold, -30*C, summers are short with cool temperatures 10*C. Examples of typical plants: herbaceous, lichens, mosses, grasses, forbs, and dwarf shrubs and trees. Examples of typical animals: muck ox, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, and migratory birds.
Chapter 50.1 vocab:
Ecology- the study of relationships between living organisms and their environments
Abiotic- nonliving
Biotic- living
Biota- all the organisms that are part of an ecosystem
Organismal ecology- the branch of ecology having to do with the different ways organisms deal with problems or challenges posed by their environments
Population- a group of individuals in a certain area that belong to the same species
Community- all organisms in a particular area
Ecosystem- a community and its physical environment
Biosphere- the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems
Biogeography- the study of species and their positioning
Chapter 50.2 vocab:
Dispersal- distribution of individuals within geographic population boundaries
Climate- the prevailing weather conditions at a locality
Macroclimate- large scale variations in clime; climate of an entire region
Microclimate- fine scale variation of climate
Turnover- The mixing of water as a result of changing water –temperature profile in a lake
General information about 50.1 and 50.2:
Darwinà Environmental factors interacting with variation within populations could cause evolutionary changes
Subfields of Ecology:
Organismal ecology deals with how an organism survives in its environment by examining its behavior, physiology, and structure.
àAn example is how a giraffe uses its long neck to get the leaves off tall trees.
Population ecology is concerned with factors that determine the amount of a certain species living in a region.
àAn example is the amount of food in an area.
Community ecology is the study of all species and their interactions in a community.
àAn example is how a tall tree keeps the small plants in an area from getting sunlight.
Ecosystem ecology deals with energy flow and chemical cycling within an ecosystem, including abiotic and biotic organisms.
àAn example is when an animal dies, decomposes, and provides nutrients for plants in the area.
Landscape ecology is the study of how ecosystems are positioned in a region.
àAn example is the positioning of a lake in a ecosystem and how its positioning affects the lakes nutrients and oxygen levels.
Species transplants
Transplant- When a species is moved or migrates to an area where it was previously absent
For a transplant to be considered successful, a species has to survive AND REPRODUCE in the new environment.
The problem with transplanted species is they can prove to be a detriment to the community rather than a benefit. One local example is kudzu, a vine that is a native to Japan, which spreads quickly making it hard to control. Another example is the great-tailed grackle whose breeding quickly spread over the Midwest United States.
E-book section 50.2 (p 1085 in text)
Biotic factors that limit distribution of an organism:
Predation: a predator hunts for another organism, the prey.
Parasitism: One organism lives in or on another organism to benefit itself but harm the organism it lives on
Competition: 2 organisms have the same needs and must compete to get what they need
Disease
Abiotic factors that are important to living organisms:
Temperature: if the temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius, cells are likely to rupture and if it rises above 45 degrees Celsius, proteins can begin denaturing
Water: organisms depend on fresh or salt water; some organisms are prone to dehydration; positioning determines how they conserve water
Sunlight: Important for photosynthesis
Wind: Causes plants and animals to lose water quicker than normal because it increases the rate of evaporative cooling and transpiration
Rocks and Soil: Certain plants require soil that has a certain pH, structure, and composition
Ch. 50.3
Biomes are characterized by climate, vegetation, and animals
· Oligotropic lakes are clear, deep, nutrient poor, and oxygen rich. Also, oligotropic lakes are low in decomposable organic matter.
· Eutrophic lakes are shallow and murky: nutrient- rich and have a depletion of oxygen, opposite of oligotropic lakes. Eutrophic lakes have a high amount of organic matter. Human activities like pollution from fertilized land and municipal waste leads to the progression in eutrophic lakes.
· A Wetland is an area covered in water than supports aquatic plants. They help filter pollutants and buffer against flooding. Wetlands are a host to many invertebrates which causes a great number of birds. It also attracts herbivores and carnivores to the area. The soil in the wetlands is very good at growing plants because unaerated water is not present.
· Streams and Rivers- Rivers carry more sediment than the headwaters but headwater streams are richer in oxygen. Streams are usually narrow with a rocky bottom and rivers are usually wide and silty on the bottom. Streams and rivers contain algae and other aquatic plants contributing to the nutrient content. Streams and rivers also attract many fish and invertebrates.
· An Estuary serves as a shift area between river and sea with complex flow patterns. Estuaries are some of the most productive biomes because of the nutrients from the river. They also serve as feeding and breeding areas for fish and invertebrates.
· The Abyssal zone sees very little sunlight and stays about 3 degrees C all year. The organisms adapt to continuous cold and high water pressure. The deep-sea hydrothermal vents are dark, oxygen deficient environments of volcano origin. The food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes which obtain energy by oxidizing H2S.
There is a figure describing all the biomes in Chapter 50 Section 3. b
Chapter 50.4:
Climate: the prevailing weather conditions at a locality.
Climograph: a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region. (GET GRAPH)
“A climograph for some major types of biomes in North America. The areas plotted here encompass the range of annual mean temperature and precipitation in the biomes.”
- “Although the climograph provides circumstantial evidence that temperature and rainfall are important to the distribution of biomes, it does not confirm that these variables govern the biomes′ location. Only a detailed analysis of the water and temperature tolerances of individual species could establish the controlling effects of these variables.”
Canopy: The uppermost layer of vegetation in a terrestrial biome.
Ecotone: the transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland.
“The distribution of major terrestrial biomes. Although terrestrial biomes are mapped here with sharp boundaries, biomes actually grade into one another, sometimes over relatively large areas.”
Tropical Forests:
Location: Middle of the countries that are cut by the equator, (Amazon Basin, Africa).
Precipitation: Constant rainfall, 200-400 cm annually.
Temperature ranges: Warm year- round, 25-29*C
Examples of typical plants: Broadleaf evergreen trees, bromeliads and orchids.
Examples of typical animals: amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and arthropods.
Savanna:
Location: Parts of South America, Africa, and Australia.
Precipitation: Seasonal rainfall, 30-50 cm per year. Dry season can last up to eight or nine months.
Temperature ranges: warm year-round, 24-29*C.
Examples of typical plants: thorny trees, grasses, and forbs, and fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought plants.
Examples of typical animals: Wildebeests, zebras, lions, and hyenas.
Desert:
Location:30*C north and south latitude, in the interior of continents.
Precipitation: low, less than 30cm a year.
Temperature ranges: Hot, may exceed 50*C, in cold deserts may fall below -30*C.
Examples of typical plants: Succulents such as cacti, deeply rooted shrubs, and herbs.
Examples of typical animals: snakes, lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, migratory and resident birds, and seed-eating rodents.
Chaparral:
Location: Midlatitude coastal regions, (California).
Precipitation: Rainy winters, dry summers, 30-50 cm.
Temperature ranges: Fall, winter, spring are cool 10-12*C. Summer 30*C with a maximum of 40*C.
Examples of typical plants: shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs.
Examples of typical animals: deer, goats, birds, amphibians, reptiles and insects.
Temperate Grassland:
Location: Veldts of South Africa, puszta of Hungary, pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, steppes of Russia, and plains and prairies of central North America.
Precipitation: Dry winters, wet summers. 30-100cm.
Temperature ranges: Winters cold, -10*C, summers hot, 30*C.
Examples of typical plants: Grasses and forbs
Examples of typical animals: bison, wild horses, and prairie dogs.
Temperate Broadleaf Forest (also called the temperate deciduous forest):
Location: Midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, smaller areas in New Zealand and Austria.
Precipitation: 7-=200 cm annually. Winter- snow, summer- rain.
Temperature ranges: winter-0*C, Summers- 30*C hot and humid. (All Seasons)
Examples of typical plants: understory trees, shrubs, herbaceous stratum, and evergreen eucalyptus
Examples of typical animals: mammals, birds and insects.
Coniferous Forest: (Taiga)
Location: Broadband across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of arctic tundra.
Precipitation: Annual Rain, 30-70cm with some droughts. Some United States Pacific Northwest may receive over 300cm.
Temperature ranges: Cold and long winters= -70*C, summers hot= 30*C
Examples of typical plants: Pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock.
Examples of typical animals: moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers.
Tundra:
Location: expansive areas of the Arctic, (Greenland, Canada).
Precipitation: 20-60cm, snow.
Temperature ranges: Winters are long and cold, -30*C, summers are short with cool temperatures 10*C.
Examples of typical plants: herbaceous, lichens, mosses, grasses, forbs, and dwarf shrubs and trees.
Examples of typical animals: muck ox, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, and migratory birds.